Glycaemic index notes

Table 1: Macronutrient composition, glycemic index (GI), glyceamic load (GL), actual glucose score (GS), and food insulin index (FII) for 1000-kJ portions of the reference glucose and test foods¹

No.	Food categories and items	Test date	Weight	Protein	Fat	AvCHO	Sugars	Fiber	GI	GL	GS2	FII2
			g/1 MJ	g	g	g	g	g			%	%
1	Glucose (Glucodin Energy Powder; HomePharmacy, Kuraby, Australia)	2005	59	0	0	59	59	0	100	59	100	100
	Dairy products
2	Low-fat vanilla ice cream (Coles Farmland; Coles Supermarkets, Sydney, Australia)	2004	185	6	7	44	37	0	43	19	50 ± 2	69 ± 6
3	Vanilla ice cream (Dairy Bell, Camperdown, Australia)	1997	120	5	13	26	26	0	50	13	49 ± 13	65 ± 9
4	Yogurt, strawberry low-fat (Dairy Farmers, Lidcombe, Australia)	1997	260	12	5	38	38	1	31	12	43 ± 11	84 ± 9
5	Frozen yogurt, peach-mango (Streets Blue Ribbon; Unilever Pty Ltd, Epping, Australia)	2004	181	9	5	38	36	0	51	19	41 ± 6	64 ± 6
6	Cheddar cheese (Grocery-Wholesalers; Coles Supermarkets)	1997	59	15	21	0	0	0	0	0	39 ± 13	33 ± 9
7	Skim-fat milk (Dairy Farmers)	2001	690	25	1	33	33	0	29	9	25 ± 6	60 ± 13
8	1%-Fat milk (Dairy Farmers)	2005	558	20	6	27	27	0	29	8	16 ± 3	34 ± 4
9	Low-fat processed cheese (Kraft free singles; Kraft Foods Ltd, South Wharf, Australia)	2003	154	36	4	15	15	0	10	2	14 ± 3	42 ± 6
10	Milk (Dairy Farmers)	1999	368	11	14	17	17	0	31	5	12 ± 1	24 ± 3
11	Reduced-fat cottage cheese (Dairy Farmers)	2006	234	29	10	7	7	0	10	1	9 ± 2	40 ± 7
12	93% Fat-free cheddar cheese (Dairy Farmers)	2003	119	41	8	1	1	0	0	0	6 ± 1	20 ± 6
13	Low-fat cottage cheese (Bulla original; Bulla Dairy Foods, Derrimut, Australia)	2007	264	30	6	16	14	0	10	2	4 ± 1	52 ± 7
14	Cream cheese (Coles Farmland)	2003	68	6	24	3	2	0	0	0	4 ± 1	18 ± 6
	Breakfast cereals3
15	Cornflakes (Kellogg Foods Inc, USA, Wells Fargo Bank, MN)	2004	67	5	0	55	4	2	81	45	100 ± 8	82 ± 7
16	Rice Krispies/Bubbles (Kellogg Foods Inc, Collingwood, Australia)	2007	62	4	0	54	6	1	88	48	99 ± 3	94 ± 4
17	Original Shredded Wheat (Post Healthy Classics; Post Foods Inc, St Louis, MO)	2004	68	7	2	45	0	9	75	34	92 ± 8	91 ± 11
18	Lucky Charms cereal (General Mills Inc, Minneapolis, MN)	2004	59	4	2	48	26	2	69	33	85 ± 7	69 ± 9
19	Post Grapenuts (Post Foods Inc, USA)	1999	69	9	1	48	8	6	75	36	79 ± 6	110 ± 12
20	Wheaties (General Mills Inc)	2008	67	7	1	46	10	7	75	35	78 ± 7	78 ± 4
21	Frosted Flakes (Kellogg Foods Inc, USA)	2002	62	2	0	54	24	2	55	30	70 ± 7	72 ± 8
22	Special K cereal (Kellogg Foods Inc, USA)	1999	63	13	1	44	8	2	69	30	69 ± 5	86 ± 10
23	Post Honey Bunches of Oats (Post Foods Inc, USA)	2008	61	6	5	42	11	4	63	26	63 ± 6	61 ± 4
24	7 Whole Grain Puffs (Kashi, La Jolla, CA)	2007	63	7	2	51	0	3	65	33	64 ± 7	59 ± 7
25	Cheerios (General Mills Inc, USA)	2004	65	7	4	43	3	7	74	32	62 ± 6	63 ± 7
26	All-Bran Complete Wheat Flakes (Kellogg Foods Inc, USA)	2007	76	7	2	47	11	9	60	28	60 ± 6	55 ± 7
27	Raisin Bran cereal (Kellogg Foods Inc, USA)	1999	74	6	2	49	22	8	61	30	58 ± 5	69 ± 6
28	Post Great Grains (Kraft Foods Inc, USA)	2008	59	6	7	39	10	5	74	29	54 ± 6	57 ± 7
29	Cornflakes (Kellogg Foods Inc, Australia)	1997	64	5	0	53	10	2	77	41	53 ± 8	55 ± 6
30	Special K cereal (Kellogg Foods Inc, Australia)	1997	63	15	2	41	14	1	54	22	49 ± 6	48 ± 4
31	Sustain (Kellogg Foods Inc, Australia)	1997	62	10	3	43	14	4	55	24	46 ± 4	52 ± 4
32	Cracklin’ Oat Bran (Kellogg Foods Inc, USA)	2004	58	5	8	36	21	6	55	20	46 ± 5	48 ± 3
33	Honeysmacks (Kellogg Foods Inc, Australia)	1997	63	9	2	48	31	3	71	34	42 ± 5	49 ± 4
34	Porridge (Uncle Toby’s Inc; Nestle Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia)	1997	60	11	5	37	8	5	57	21	42 ± 8	29 ± 3
35	100% Natural Granola Oats, Honey & Raisins (Quaker Oats Inc, Chicago, IL)	2004	55	6	9	35	16	3	44	15	35 ± 5	41 ± 7
36	Muesli bar (Uncle Toby’s Inc)	1997	63	11	5	37	17	7	56	21	30 ± 5	34 ± 4
37	All-Bran original (Kellogg Foods Inc, Australia)	1997	74	12	3	43	14	14	30	13	28 ± 5	23 ± 3
	Bakery products
38	Water crackers (Grocery Wholesalers Ltd, Yennora, Australia)	1997	58	6	5	42	1	2	78	33	83 ± 17	64 ± 9
39	The Original Pancake & Waffle Mix (Aunt Jemima; Quaker Oats Inc, USA)	2004	132	6	1	51	9	1	67	34	71 ± 8	110 ± 10
40	Panjacks (White Wings Shaker; White Wings Pty Ltd, North Ryde, Australia)	2003	121	5	3	48	17	2	67	32	67 ± 10	58 ± 6
41	Fat-free blueberry muffin (Krusteaz Wild Blueberry; Continental Mills Pty Ltd, Seattle, WA)	2004	101	3	1	51	28	3	71	36	67 ± 6	69 ± 6
42	Blueberry Streusel Muffin (Duncan Hines Blueberry; Pinnacle Foods Group LLC, Peoria, IL)	2004	79	4	7	41	22	1	55	22	62 ± 7	69 ± 11
43	Chocolate chip cookies (Arnotts Biscuits Ltd, Virginia, Australia)	1997	51	2	11	35	19	1	62	22	52 ± 8	67 ± 11
44	Croissants (Woolworth Supermarket Inc, Sydney, Australia)	1997	66	6	12	29	3	2	67	19	52 ± 6	58 ± 10
45	Fat-free oatmeal raisin cookie (Archway Inc, Archway Cookies Inc, Battle Creek, MI)	2004	67	2	0	53	30	2	54	29	50 ± 6	54 ± 9
46	Reduced-fat chocolate chip cookie (Chips Ahoy; Kraft Foods Inc, USA)	2004	53	3	9	36	15	2	50	18	47 ± 6	49 ± 5
47	Doughnuts with cinnamon sugar (Woolworth Supermarket Inc, Australia)	1997	65	4	13	26	9	1	76	20	44 ± 8	54 ± 7
48	Chocolate cake brownie with frosting (White Wings Pty Ltd, Australia)	1997	64	4	12	30	20	1	38	11	39 ± 10	60 ± 9
49	Apple pie baked at 190°C for 35 min (Sara Lee, Pymble, NSW, Australia)	2002	85	3	11	32	16	1	41	13	39 ± 5	47 ± 4
50	Cinnamon swirl pastry (Entenmanns Cinnamon Swirl Bun; Bimbo Bakeries USA, Horsham, PA)	2004	63	4	10	31	14	2	40	12	39 ± 4	42 ± 4
51	Jatz crackers (Arnott’s Jatz, Virginia, Australia)	2007	51	4	9	34	2	2	55	18	37 ± 4	45 ± 8
52	Super Moist Yellow Cake with chocolate frosting (Betty Crocker; General Mills Inc)	2004	73	2	11	32	21	1	42	13	33 ± 4	53 ± 6
53	Honey-Raisin Bran muffin (Sun Maid, Kingsburg, CA)	2004	64	3	8	38	23	3	56	21	32 ± 4	37 ± 4
54	Regular Chocolate Chip Cookies (Chips Ahoy)	2004	49	3	12	30	15	2	50	15	21 ± 4	33 ± 3
	Fruit and fruit juice
55	Peaches, canned in syrup (SPC; SPC Ardmona, Northmead, Australia)	2007	346	1	2	56	53	4	58	32	67 ± 5	65 ± 8
56	Honeydew melon (raw, Australia)	2006	714	5	2	46	46	1	62	29	62 ± 8	93 ± 15
57	Raspberry jam (Cottees; Cottee Inc, Southbank, Australia)	2005	88	0	0	59	59	1	51	30	58 ± 8	62 ± 9
58	Bananas, raw, peeled (Australia)	1997	279	3	0	56	47	6	52	29	55 ± 7	59 ± 4
59	Seedless raisins (Sunbeam; Sunbeam Food Inc, Irymple, Australia)	2006	72	2	1	56	55	4	64	36	54 ± 7	31 ± 5
60	Orange juice, concentrate (Mr Juicy, Bulimba, Australia)	2007	625	3	0	53	53	1	53	28	53 ± 6	55 ± 7
61	Apple juice (Berrivale Orchards Inc, Berrimah, Australia)	1999	588	0	0	59	59	0	39	23	53 ± 5	47 ± 2
62	Black grapes, raw, fresh (Australia)	1997	395	1	0	57	57	4	50	28	52 ± 6	60 ± 4
63	Peaches, canned in juice (SPC Ardmona, Australia)	2007	485	2	1	55	42	6	40	22	50 ± 6	54 ± 10
64	Apples, Red Delicious, raw (Australia)	1997	435	1	0	58	57	9	36	21	35 ± 4	43 ± 3
65	Oranges, raw, peeled (Australia)	1997	625	7	1	51	51	13	42	21	27 ± 5	44 ± 2
66	Avocado, raw, peeled (USA)	2002	112	2	25	0	0	2	0	0	1 ± 1	4 ± 1
	Vegetables
67	Carrot juice, freshly extracted (Australia)	2006	762	6	1	41	41	24	43	18	44 ± 5	41 ± 8
68	Frozen corn (McCain Super; McCain Foods Pty Ltd, Baulkham Hills, Australia)	2006	222	6	3	43	10	7	47	20	36 ± 4	39 ± 7
69	Tomato pasta sauce (Paul Newman, Sydney, Australia)	2006	445	6	8	38	34	0	31	12	34 ± 2	41 ± 8
70	Coleslaw, commercial (Coles Supermarkets Ltd, Australia)	2002	252	5	10	34	33	7	39	13	20 ± 5	20 ± 2
	Snack foods
71	97% Fat-free pretzels (Parkers; The Smith's Snackfood Company, Chatswood, Australia)	2004	63	6	2	50	2	3	84	42	85 ± 7	74 ± 12
72	Jellybeans (Grocery Wholesalers Inc, Australia)	1997	88	3	0	56	45	0	78	44	83 ± 13	117 ± 12
73	Sherbet (Frosty Fruits orange mango splits; Nestle Pty Ltd, Australia)	2007	217	3	3	50	48	0	59	30	61 ± 7	76 ± 8
74	Mars Bar (Mars Confectionary Inc, Auburn, Australia)	1997	54	3	9	38	37	2	62	23	55 ± 9	89 ± 11
75	French fries (McCain’s Foods Inc, Australia)	1997	93	4	9	37	2	4	70	26	50 ± 11	54 ± 9
76	Popcorn (Uncle Toby’s Inc, Australia)	1997	52	5	13	27	2	6	66	18	43 ± 11	39 ± 7
77	40% Reduced-fat potato chips (Cape Cod Potato Chip Company, Hyannis, MA)	2004	51	4	11	31	2	2	60	19	40 ± 5	51 ± 6
78	McDonald’s French fries (McDonald’s Inc, Australia)	2002	76	3	13	26	1	3	70	18	39 ± 5	57 ± 6
79	Potato chips (The Smith's Snackfood Company, Australia)	1997	44	3	16	22	0	2	60	13	36 ± 6	45 ± 10
80	Corn chips (The Smith's Snackfood Company, Australia)	1999	46	3	13	24	1	5	42	10	32 ± 4	45 ± 5
81	Snickers bar (Masterfoods, Hackettstown, NJ)	2004	50	3	12	29	25	1	42	12	27 ± 4	37 ± 3
82	Hershey’s milk, chocolate (Hershey Foods Inc, Hershey, PA)	2004	45	3	14	25	23	1	43	11	27 ± 2	34 ± 3
	Carbohydrate-rich foods
83	Potatoes (russet boiled, peeled; Australia)	1997	368	10	1	49	3	9	78	38	99 ± 25	88 ± 8
84	White rice (Sunwhite; Rice-growers Inc, Leeton, Australia)	1997	203	5	1	56	0	0	72	40	77 ± 11	58 ± 9
85	Brown rice (Sunbrown; Ricegrowers Inc)	1997	148	5	2	53	1	1	72	38	73 ± 13	45 ± 8
86	White bread (Sunblest; Tiptop Pty Ltd, Enfield, Australia)	2005	97	9	2	44	3	3	70	31	70 ± 6	73 ± 5
87	Whole-meal bread (Riga Bakeries Inc, Sydney, Australia)	1997	101	8	3	45	2	7	74	34	68 ± 12	70 ± 9
88	Brown pasta (Sam Remo Pasta Inc, Wetherill Park, Australia)	1997	218	11	2	49	1	11	42	20	48 ± 7	29 ± 4
89	Tortillas, white corn (DieGo; San Diego Tortilla Factory, Burleigh Heads, Australia)	2007	104	6	2	47	1	4	49	23	43 ± 7	36 ± 8
90	Grain bread (Tiptop Bakeries Inc, Australia)	1997	108	9	5	40	2	7	50	20	42 ± 8	41 ± 4
91	Pizza4 (McCains, Australia)	1999	90	12	8	30	2	0	60	18	41 ± 5	47 ± 4
92	Grain bread (Burgen, Soy-Lin, Chatswood, Australia)	2006	99	15	7	29	2	5	36	11	34 ± 5	52 ± 9
93	White pasta, spirals (Sam Remo, Australia)	1997	201	8	1	49	2	4	46	23	32 ± 7	29 ± 4
94	Beef lasagna (Sara Lee Bakery Pty Ltd, Pymble, Australia)	2002	164	12	10	25	3	1	38	10	15 ± 2	34 ± 5
	Protein-rich foods
95	Baked beans5 (Franklins; Franklins Supermarket, Rockdale, NSW, Australia)	1997	351	16	2	39	16	17	44	17	80 ± 13	88 ± 14
96	Lentils, served with tomato sauce6 (Australia)	1997	253	19	5	29	4	11	37	11	43 ± 15	42 ± 9
97	Eggs, poached (Australia)	1997	160	21	18	1	1	0	0	0	29 ± 11	23 ± 4
98	Battered fish fillets (Coles Supermarkets Inc, Australia)	2002	110	13	15	14	0	1	38	5	29 ± 2	54 ± 4
99	Canned navy beans (Eden Organic Navy Beans, Clinton, Ml)	2005	281	19	5	28	0	24	31	9	20 ± 4	23 ± 4
100	White fish (Ling fish fillet, Australia)	1997	333	56	1	0	0	0	0	0	20 ± 9	43 ± 13
101	Beef steak7 (Australia)	1997	158	42	8	0	0	0	0	0	15 ± 6	37 ± 12
102	Taco8 (Casa Fiesta Beef Taco; Bruce Foods Corporation, New Iberia, LA)	2004	138	20	13	9	1	2	39	4	11 ± 1	24 ± 2
103	Tuna, canned in water (Coles Supermarkets Inc, Australia)	2001	239	48	5	0	0	0	0	0	8 ± 2	26 ± 4
104	Frankfurter/hot dog (Australia)	2001	95	14	19	3	0	2	28	1	8 ± 2	16 ± 3
105	Peanuts, salted and roasted (Grocery Wholesalers Inc, Australia)	1997	38	10	20	5	2	2	14	1	8 ± 3	15 ± 2
106	Bologna (Australia)	2001	111	24	9	13	3	3	0	0	6 ± 2	11 ± 2
107	Peanut butter (Kraft Foods Inc, Australia)	2001	41	9	20	7	2	5	14	1	6 ± 1	11 ± 2
108	Tofu (Soyco, Sydney, Australia)	2003	227	27	11	7	1	3	15	1	5 ± 1	21 ± 4
109	Peeled prawns, boiled (Findus Seafood Deli, Australia)	2003	235	48	4	2	1	0	0	0	5 ± 1	21 ± 4
110	Chicken, fried in olive oil, with skin, cooked (Australia)	2001	94	23	17	0	0	0	0	0	5 ± 1	19 ± 4
111	Tuna, canned in oil, drained (Coles Farmland)	2003	135	24	15	2	1	0	0	0	4 ± 1	16 ± 2
112	Bacon (Premium Short Cut Bacon; Primo Smallgoods, Chullora, Australia)	2007	106	16	19	1	1	0	0	0	3 ± 1	9 ± 2
113	Roast chicken without skin (Woolworth Inc, Australia)	2005	113	31	13	0	0	0	0	0	1 ± 1	17 ± 4
	Fat-rich foods
114	Walnuts (Lucky California, Sydney, Australia)	2003	35	6	23	1	1	3	0	0	4 ± 1	5 ± 1
115	Butter (Western Star Original; Mt Waverley, Australia)	2007	33	0	27	0	0	0	0	0	2 ± 1	2 ± 1
116	Olive oil (Australia)	2005	27	0	27	0	0	0	0	0	1 ± 0	3 ± 1
	Beverages
117	Fruit punch (Fruity Flavorits Orange Mango Fruit drink; Frosts Food & Beverage Pty Ltd, Singapore)	2007	833	1	0	58	58	0	67	39	67 ± 7	76 ± 10
118	Ice tea (Narkena Ltd, Sefton, Australia)	2006	622	0	0	59	59	0	59	35	59 ± 7	69 ± 9
119	Coca-Cola (Coca-Cola Amatil Inc, Sefton, Australia)	1999	595	0	0	59	59	0	53	31	50 ± 5	44 ± 3
120	Beer, 4.9% alcohol (Budweiser, Pyrmont, NSW, Australia)	2001	671	2	0	13	0	0	66	9	41 ± 8	20 ± 4
121	Gin, 40% alcohol (Australia)	2001	111	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	7 ± 4	1 ± 1
122	White wine, 11% alcohol (Australia)	2001	362	1	0	1	0	0	0

Footnotes:

1 AvCHO, available carbohydrate. GI values were derived from the published international GI table (23).

2 Mean (±SEM) values represent average glucose and insulin responses to 1000-kJ portions of the food relative to a 1000-kJ portion of glucose sugar in a group of 10 to 13 healthy individuals. Because the reference food was switched from white bread to glucose sugar during the course of the study, those foods tested against white bread were converted by using a formula to the glucose scale. The conversion factor was based on the testing of white bread by using glucose as the reference food in a group of 20 subjects. For the GS, the conversion factor was 100/70 or 1.43; for FII, the conversion factor was 100/73 or 1.37.

3 Cereals were served fresh with 125 mL 1.5%-fat milk.

4 Pizza base: white-flour pizza base (McCain Foods), tomato paste (Leggo tomato paste; JR Simplot, Mentone, Australia), and shredded mozzarella cheese (Perfect Italiano; Fonterra Pty Ltd, Australia).

5 Canned navy beans in tomato sauce (Franklins, Australia); heated on stove for 5 min immediately before serving.

6 Lentils: served in a basic tomato sauce. Ingredients: 15 mL olive oil, 350 g dried green lentils, 410 g canned tomatoes, 120 g onion, 1 clove garlic, and 1 teaspoon pepper.

7 Lean top-side beef fillets. Grilled the day before serving, cut into standard bite-sized pieces, stored at 4°C overnight, and reheated in a microwave oven for 2 min immediately before serving.

8 Ingredients: seasoned beef mince, lettuce, tomato, and Kraft-Coon-Light & Tasty cheese (Kraft Inc, USA).